Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: meta- analysis. Abstract. Objective To systematically review all the prospective cohort studies that have analysed the relation between adherence to a Mediterranean diet, mortality, and incidence of chronic diseases in a primary prevention setting. Design Meta- analysis of prospective cohort studies. Data sources English and non- English publications in Pub. Free stem cell papers, essays, and research papers. The Recent Evolutionary Introduction of Milk and Dairy. One of the rewarding benefits of having written a diet book that has become internationally known is the. Research papers generally follow the same basic structure: an introduction that presents the writer. Related Post of 5 2 diet scientific research paper;. Med, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1. June 2. 00. 8. Studies reviewed Studies that analysed prospectively the association between adherence to a Mediterranean diet, mortality, and incidence of diseases; 1. Results The cumulative analysis among eight cohorts (5. Mediterranean diet showed that a two point increase in the adherence score was significantly associated with a reduced risk of mortality (pooled relative risk 0. Likewise, the analyses showed a beneficial role for greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular mortality (pooled relative risk 0. Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease (0. Conclusions Greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with a significant improvement in health status, as seen by a significant reduction in overall mortality (9%), mortality from cardiovascular diseases (9%), incidence of or mortality from cancer (6%), and incidence of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease (1. These results seem to be clinically relevant for public health, in particular for encouraging a Mediterranean- like dietary pattern for primary prevention of major chronic diseases. Introduction. The Mediterranean diet, representing the dietary pattern usually consumed among the populations bordering the Mediterranean sea, has been widely reported to be a model of healthy eating for its contribution to a favourable health status and a better quality of life. Since the first data from the seven countries study,3 several studies in different populations have established a beneficial role for the main components of the Mediterranean diet on the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases and chronic degenerative diseases. However, research interest in this field over the past years has been focused on estimating adherence to the whole Mediterranean diet rather than analysing the individual components of the dietary pattern in relation to the health status of the population. This because the analyses of single nutrients ignore important interactions between components of a diet and, more importantly, because people do not eat isolated nutrients. Hence, dietary scores estimating adherence to a Mediterranean diet, devised a priori on the basis of the characteristic components of the traditional diet of the Mediterranean area, have been found to be associated with a reduction of overall mortality and mortality from cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The aim of this study was to do a systematic review with meta- analysis of all the available prospective cohort studies that have assessed the association between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and adverse outcomes, in order to establish the role of adherence to a Mediterranean diet in primary prevention. Methods. Data sources. Scientific Research Table of Contents: 1 Sources and Structure. 1.1 Biosynthesis; 2 Pharmacology. 2.1 Oral; 2.2 Serotonin; 3 Neurology. 3.1 Appetite; 3.2 Depression. The 5:2 diet helps beat cancer and Alzheimer's, study finds.
We focused on prospective studies investigating the association between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and health outcomes. We searched Pub. Med, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases up to 3. June 2. 00. 8, using a search strategy that included both truncated free text and exploded Me. SH terms. Me. SH headings included “Mediterranean”, “diet”, “dietary pattern”, “disease”, “health”, “cardiovascular disease”, “cerebrovascular disease”, “coronary heart disease”, “degenerative diseases”, “cancer”, “neoplasm”, “prospective”, “follow- up”, or “cohort”, and their variants. The search strategy had no language restrictions. We also consulted references from the extracted articles and reviews to complete the data bank. When multiple articles for a single study were present, we used the latest publication and supplemented it, if necessary, with data from the most complete or updated publication. We assessed the relevance of studies by using a hierarchical approach based on title, abstract, and the full manuscript. Study selection. We identified studies that prospectively evaluated the association of an a priori score used for assessing adherence to a Mediterranean diet and adverse clinical outcomes. We excluded the studies if they had a cross sectional or case- control design, if they analysed adherence to a non- specific dietary pattern or to a recommended dietary guideline and not to a Mediterranean diet, if they evaluated a cohort of patients with a previous clinical event (that is, secondary prevention), if they did not adjust for potential confounders, and if they did not report an adequate statistical analysis. Figure 1. Our initial search yielded 6. Of the remaining 4. Mediterranean diet, was evaluated (n=3); cross sectional or case- control design was used (n=1. We excluded four additional articles because they represented duplicate studies, so we included only the latest or the more complete paper in the final analysis. Finally, 1. 2 articles fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Fig 1 Process of study selection. Data extraction. We extracted the following baseline characteristics from the original reports by using a standardised data extraction form and included them in the meta- analysis: lead author, year of publication, cohort name, country of origin of the cohort, sample size of the cohort and number of outcomes, duration of follow- up, age at entry, sex, outcome, components of the score for adherence to a Mediterranean diet, and variables that entered into the multivariable model as potential confounders (table 1. Two investigators (FS and FC) collected the data, and disagreements were solved by consensus and by the opinion of a third author (AC), if necessary. Outcomes of interest were overall mortality, mortality from cardiovascular diseases, incidence of or mortality from cancer, as well as occurrence of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Table 1 Study characteristics. We assessed the quality of the studies according to the number of participants, the duration of follow- up, and adjustment for potential confounders. We considered studies with a high number of participants; long duration of follow- up; and adjustment for confounders including demographic, anthropometric, and traditional risk factors to be of high quality. Definition of adherence to Mediterranean diet. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet was defined through scores that estimated the conformity of the dietary pattern of the studied population with the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern. Values of zero or one were assigned to each dietary component by using as cut offs the overall sex specific medians among the study participants. Specifically, people whose consumption of components considered to be part of a Mediterranean diet (vegetables, fruits, legumes, cereals, fish, and a moderate intake of red wine during meals) was above the median consumption of the population were assigned a value of one, whereas a value of zero was given to those with consumptions below the median. By contrast, people whose consumption of components presumed not to form part of a Mediterranean diet (red and processed meats, dairy products) was above the median consumption of the population had a value of zero assigned, and the others had a value of one. However, some differences among the studies existed, especially in relation to the food category of vegetables (grouped with potatoes in one studyw. Thus, the total adherence scores (estimated as the sum of the above indicated scores of zero and one) varied from a minimum of 0 points indicating low adherence to a maximum of 7- 9 points reflecting high adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Statistical analysis. We used Rev. Man, version 4. Windows by the Cochrane Collaboration to analyse data. We used the results of the original studies from multivariable models with the most complete adjustment for potential confounders; table 1. We used a random effects model that accounts for interstudy variation and provides a more conservative effect than a fixed model. We calculated random summary relative risks with 9. We grouped the studies according to the different clinical outcomes (mortality from all causes, mortality from cardiovascular diseases, incidence of or mortality from cancer, and incidence of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease). We assessed the potential sources of heterogeneity by using the standard . In addition, we used the I2 statistic to investigate heterogeneity by examining the extent of inconsistency across the study results. To examine the potential source of heterogeneity across studies evaluating overall mortality, we did sensitivity analyses according to some characteristics of the studies—sex (male, female), country of origin (European countries, United States, other countries), follow- up time (below or above the median follow- up time of the studies: 8 years), and the quality of the studies (low, high). To assess the presence of publication bias, we computed the “failsafe N” for each of the main outcomes; this value is an estimate of the number of studies with null results that would need to be added to the meta- analysis to reduce the overall observed significant result to non- significance. Results. Characteristics of study cohorts. Sample sizes varied between 1. Outcomes of interest were overall mortality, cardiovascular mortality, incidence of or mortality from neoplastic disease, and incidence of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Only six out of 1. Mediterranean populations. The remaining cohorts comprised US populations,w. Europeans,w. 5- w. Europeans living in Australia. The total number of subjects in the included studies was 1 5. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is the federal government agency for scientific research in Australia. Its chief role is to improve the economic and social performance of industry, for the benefit of the community. CSIRO works with leading organisations around the world. The primary roles of CSIRO include contributing to meeting the objectives and responsibilities of the Australian government and providing new ways to benefit the Australian community and the economic and social performance of a number of industry sectors through research and development. CSIRO works with leading organisations around the world. Daily management is led by a CEO, presently Dr Larry Marshall, with an executive team of seven. There are ten research flagships and twelve services areas. In May 2. 00. 5, the government announced the launch of CSIRO's $9. Flagship Collaboration Fund, which is intended to encourage cooperative research between universities, CSIRO and other research agencies. In July 2. 01. 4, all research . The Bureau of Meteorology generates the high resolution weather forecasts and CSIRO has created computer models to calculate pollution levels. However, the Advisory Council struggled with insufficient funding during the First World War. In 1. 92. 0 the Council was renamed the . The CSIR was structured to represent the federal structure of Australian government, and had state- level committees and a central council. As well as this improved structure, the CSIR benefited from strong bureaucratic management under George Julius, David Rivett, and Arnold Richardson. CSIR research focussed on primary and secondary industries. Early in its existence, it established divisions studying animal health and animal nutrition. After the depression, the CSIR extended into secondary industries such as manufacturing. CSIRO today has expanded into a wider range of scientific inquiry. This expansion began with the evolution of CSIR to the CSIRO by the Ben Chifley. Labor government in 1. Science and Industry Research Act. The amendment enlarged and reconstituted the organisation and its administrative structure. Under Ian Clunies Ross as chairman, CSIRO pursued new areas such as radioastronomy and industrial chemistry. Inventions. A team led by Paul Wild built and operated (from 1. Culgoora in New South Wales. For three decades, the Division of Radiophysics had a world- leading role in solar research, attracting prominent solar physicists from around the world. The CSIR Mk 1 ran its first program in 1. It was over 1,0. 00 times faster than the mechanical calculators available at the time. It was decommissioned in 1. Melbourne as CSIRAC in 1. Bornemissza, upon settling in Australia from Hungary in 1. He proposed that the reason for this was that native Australian dung beetles, which had co- evolved alongside the marsupials (which produce dung very different in its composition from cattle), were not adapted to utilise cattle dung for their nutrition and breeding since cattle had only relatively recently been introduced to the continent in the 1. The Australian Dung Beetle Project sought, therefore, to introduce species of dung beetle from South Africa and Europe (which had co- evolved alongside bovids) in order to improve the fertility and quality of cattle pastures. Twenty- three species were successfully introduced throughout the duration of the project and also had the effect of reducing the pestilent bush fly population by 9. Guidelines were introduced in 1. Governance and management. The book sold over half a million copies in Australia and over 1. The technique they developed, involving a particular combination of forward error correction, frequency- domain interleaving, and multi- carrier modulation, became the subject of U. S. Patent 5,4. 87,0. January 1. 99. 6. In 1. 99. 7 Macquarie University professor David Skellern and his colleague Neil Weste established the company Radiata, Inc., which took a nonexclusive licence to the CSIRO patent for the purpose of developing commercially viable integrated circuit devices implementing the patented technology. CSIRO did not participate directly in the standards process, however David Skellern was an active participant as secretary of the Working Group, and representative of Radiata. In response to a request from Victor Hayes of Lucent Technologies, who was Chair of the 8. Working Group, CSIRO confirmed its commitment to make non- exclusive licenses available to implementers of the standard on reasonable and non- discriminatory terms. Greenpeace was forced to pay reparations to CSIRO of $2. Justice Hilary Penfold, of cynically using junior members of the organisation with good standing to avoid custodial sentences, while the offenders were given 9- month suspended sentences. The debate was called for by opposition parties after evidence came to light that a paper critical of carbon emissions trading was being suppressed. After the debate, the Science Minister, Kim Carr, was forced to release the paper, but when doing so in the Senate he also delivered a letter from the CEO of the CSIRO, Megan Clark, which attacked the report's author and threatened him with unspecified punishment. He later posted on his website a document detailing the text that CSIRO management demanded be deleted. In subsequent Senate Estimates hearings during 2. Senator Carr and Clark went on record claiming the paper was originally stopped from publication solely due to its low quality not meeting CSIRO standards. The invention was marketed by a small Australian company called Data. Trace DNA as a method of identifying fake vials, on the basis that a unique tracer code developed by CSIRO was embedded in the product. However, the code sold to Novartis for more than A$2. 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